Why note this info down(Many internet HOW-To's on this subject are not applicable to Redhat 7.3 in using the route command)The aim here is to have two cheap (but powerful) PC based servers. The first PC is the primary server and the second is the backup server (on the same IP network) that becomes live via running scripts if the primary server starts giving problems. The secondary mirrors the primary at regular intervals throughout the day using rsync.If the primary server plays up or suffers a hardware fault:
Using a script on each server, this should take less than 30 seconds to swap over from primary to secondary server. The advantage of using Virtual IP addresses is that the network card can still be running on both servers on their base addresses without conflicting with each other. While it is possible to automate this via "high availability linux" software, this is initially being done manually under the concept of KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid) and to allow the servers to be located in different parts of the building under different power supplies.
If you cannot connect to IP addresses after you transfer them(Summary: some systems and routers seem to be stubbornly holding onto the old IP-MAC address combination in the arp caches. This issue has not been 100% resolved yet and could be due to nuances with the Birkbeck College routers (as some internal computers see the changes immediately - but not external - and/or it could be related to recent kernel upgrades that affect the ethernet drivers). Swapping from mill2/hume2 to mill/hume seems to go OK - but not going visa-versa if mill/hume and been "ccp14live" for quite a while.)Note that if some IP addresses are slow to allow connections on the ccp14live machine. Go into arp on the ccp14dead machine and check if it might be stubbornly holding onto some of the IP addresses in the arp cache. arp -e Use the various arp commands to delete any offfending IP addresses. When this is done (a reboot of the ccp14dead machine may be required?), then the ccp14live machine should then be able to take connections on the offending IP address. e.g,: arp -e
[ccp14@mill bin]# arp -e Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface carna.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ether 00:90:27:77:76:BC C eth0 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ether 00:01:03:41:16:49 C eth0 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac. ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk. ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk. ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bb ether 00:01:03:41:16:45 C eth1 popper.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ether 00:02:B3:60:09:53 C eth0 ns-l1.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ether 08:00:2B:86:29:38 C eth0 Then something like:
arp --delete dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete debian.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 debian.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete ftp.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 ftp.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete redhat.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 redhat.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk ping -vc1 -w 2 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk or: arp --delete dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete debian.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete ftp.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete redhat.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
While not recommended, it is possible to manually (and permanently) add the address and MAC into the arp cache: e.g., on mill2/hume2:
arp -H ether -i eth1 --set ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 00:01:03:41:16:45 arp -H ether -i eth1 --set ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 00:01:03:41:16:45 arp -H ether -i eth1 --set cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 00:01:03:41:16:45 |
/etc/rc.d/rc.ccp14live (copied to /etc/rc.d/rc.local) startup script that sets Virtual IP addresses and runs the deamons at boot time
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start sshd secureshell deamon
echo "Starting sshd secureshell deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/sbin/sshd
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Not working on Redhat 7.3 (did on 7.2)
# Make the Atapi CD-ROM and DVDRAM look like a SCSI Device
# so you can then write to the DVDRAM using cdrecord:
# SuSE Linux 7.0: Writing CDs with ATAPI writers
# http://sdb.suse.de/en/sdb/html/mkrapp-cdwriting-7.0.html
# Latest CDrecord with DVD support
# http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html
#/sbin/modprobe ide-scsi
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.35.93
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.35.93 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not alive and pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.35.93 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.164
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.164 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.164 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.162
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.162 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.162 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.163
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.163 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.163 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.165
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.165 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.165 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.166
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.166 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.166 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.167
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.167 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.167 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
#setting up IP alias interfaces
echo "Setting up IP Aliases - script in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
echo "Internal network aliases"
#mill.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is eth0 (Internal network)
#dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.35.93 IP Aliases internal network"
/sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 193.61.35.93 netmask 255.255.254.0
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.35.93 dev eth0:1
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
#This is the important one that all the web virtual addresses use
echo "Setting debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.164 IP Aliases"
echo "This is the important one that all the web virtual addresses use"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:1 193.61.32.164
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.164 dev eth1:1
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#hume.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is eth1 (external network)
#ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.162 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:2 193.61.32.162
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.162 dev eth1:2
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.163 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:3 193.61.32.163
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.163 dev eth1:3
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.165 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:4 193.61.32.165
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.165 dev eth1:4
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.166 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:5 193.61.32.166
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.166 dev eth1:5
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.167 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:6 193.61.32.167
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.167 dev eth1:6
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start samba smbd nmbd
echo "Starting samba smbd nmbd deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
echo "config file for samba in /usr/local/samba/lib/"
/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D
/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start Apache 2 webserver
echo "Starting apache webserver - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start Proftpd ftp server ftp deamon
echo "Starting apache webserver - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/sbin/proftpd
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start rsync server deamon
echo "Starting rsync server deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/bin/rsync --daemon
|
/usr/local/bin/ccp14dead - Script for killing the internet deamons and IP addresses in Runtime
#!/bin/sh
if [ "`whoami`" != "root" ]; then
echo "This script can only run for the root user"
exit 127
else
echo "You are running as root, thus this script can continue"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth0:1`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth0:1 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth0:1 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:1`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:1 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:1 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:2`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:2 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:2 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:3`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:3 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:3 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:4`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:4 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:4 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:5`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:5 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:5 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:6`" = "" ]; then
echo "can't kill eth1:6 as it is not up - thus exit or problems will happen"
exit 127
else
echo "eth1:6 is already up - continuing to run the ccp14dead script"
fi
# Keep sshd secure shell going as it is not connected to any
# virtual IP addresses - only base IP addresses for the internet
# cards - check internel card
# Kill Samba
killall -9 smbd
killall -9 nmbd
# Kill Apache
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl stop
# Kill proftpd ftp deamon
killall -9 proftpd
# Kill rsync deamon
killall -9 rsync
echo "Sleep for 2 seconds"
sleep 2
echo "Killing Enternal network aliases and virtual IP addresses"
#ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.167 IP Aliases"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:6 193.61.32.167
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.167 dev eth1:6
#
#delete route and IP for ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.167
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.167 dev eth1:6
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:6 del 193.61.32.167
#cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.166 IP Aliases"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:5 193.61.32.166
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.166 dev eth1:5
#
#delete route and IP for cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.166
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.166 dev eth1:5
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:5 del 193.61.32.166
#freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.165 IP Aliases"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:4 193.61.32.165
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.165 dev eth1:4
#
#delete route and IP for freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.165
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.165 dev eth1:4
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:4 del 193.61.32.165
#redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.163 IP Aliases"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:3 193.61.32.163
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.163 dev eth1:2
#
#delete route and IP for redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.163
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.163 dev eth1:3
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:3 del 193.61.32.163
#ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.162 IP Aliases"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:2 193.61.32.162
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.162 dev eth1:1
#
#delete route and IP for ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.162
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.162 dev eth1:2
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:2 del 193.61.32.162
#debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
#This is the important one that all the main web virtual addresses use
# echo "Setting debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.164 IP Aliases"
# echo "This is the important one that all the web virtual addresses use"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth1:1 193.61.32.164
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.164 dev eth1:1
#
#delete route and IP for debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.164
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.32.164 dev eth1:1
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:1 del 193.61.32.164
echo "Internal network aliases"
#mill.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is eth0 (Internal network)
#dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
# echo "Setting dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.35.93 IP Aliases internal network"
# /sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 193.61.35.93
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.35.93 dev eth0:1
#
#delete route and IP for dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.35.93
# /sbin/route del -host 193.61.35.93 dev eth0:1
/sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 del 193.61.35.93
echo "Done - deamons killed (except sshd) and virtual IPs cancelled"
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
# copy ccp14dead crontab and startup files to where they have to be
/bin/cp /etc/rc.d/rc.ccp14dead /etc/rc.d/rc.local
echo "Done - copied /etc/rc.d rc.ccp14dead to rc.local"
/bin/cp ~root/.crontabccp14dead /var/spool/cron/root
echo "Copied root crontab file ~root/.crontabccp14dead to /var/spool/cron/root"
/bin/cp ~ccp14/.crontabccp14mirrordead /var/spool/cron/ccp14
echo "Copied ccp14 crontab file ~ccp14/.crontabccp14mirrordead to /var/spool/cron/ccp14"
# =======================================================
# =======================================================
echo "Do some arp stuff to make sure arp cache is reset - due to previous problems"
arp --delete dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete debian.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete ftp.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete redhat.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Have run the arp clear commands"
|
/usr/local/bin/ccp14live - script for making CCP14live in Runtime
#!/bin/sh
#
if [ "`whoami`" != "root" ]; then
echo "This script can only run for the root user"
exit 127
else
echo "You are running as root, thus this script can continue"
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth0:1`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth0:1 is not up"
else
echo "eth0:1 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:1`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:1 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:1 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:2`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:2 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:2 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:3`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:3 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:3 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:4`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:4 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:4 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:5`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:5 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:5 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
if [ "`ifconfig | grep eth1:6`" = "" ]; then
echo "eth1:6 is not up"
else
echo "eth1:6 is already up - exiting as ccp14 is already alive on this machine"
exit 127
fi
sleep 1
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.35.93
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.35.93 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not alive and pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.35.93 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.164
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.164 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.164 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.162
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.162 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.162 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.163
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.163 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.163 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.165
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.165 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.165 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.166
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.166 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.166 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
ping -vc1 -w 2 193.61.32.167
if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then
echo "ping 193.61.32.167 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is not pingable - continue with ccp14live script"
else
echo "warning 193.61.32.167 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is alive and pingable! - exiting ccp14live script"
exit 127
fi
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#setting up IP alias interfaces
echo "Setting up IP Aliases - script in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
echo "Internal network aliases"
#mill.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is eth0 (Internal network)
#dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.35.93 IP Aliases internal network"
/sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 193.61.35.93 netmask 255.255.254.0
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.35.93 dev eth0:1
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.35.93 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
#This is the important one that all the web virtual addresses use
echo "Setting debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.164 IP Aliases"
echo "This is the important one that all the web virtual addresses use"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:1 193.61.32.164
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.164 dev eth1:1
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.164 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#hume.cryst.bbk.ac.uk is eth1 (external network)
#ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.162 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:2 193.61.32.162
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.162 dev eth1:2
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.162 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.163 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:3 193.61.32.163
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.163 dev eth1:3
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.163 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.165 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:4 193.61.32.165
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.165 dev eth1:4
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.165 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.166 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:5 193.61.32.166
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.166 dev eth1:5
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.166 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Setting ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk 193.61.32.167 IP Aliases"
/sbin/ifconfig eth1:6 193.61.32.167
# /sbin/route add -host 193.61.32.167 dev eth1:6
echo "Ping the gateways and DNS once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.34.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.32.245
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.34.17
ping -vc1 -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.35.38
echo "Ping the internal and external broadcast address once to clear the ARP cache"
sleep 1
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.35.255
ping -vc1 -b -w 3 -I 193.61.32.167 193.61.32.255
sleep 1
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start samba smbd nmbd
echo "Starting samba smbd nmbd deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
echo "config file for samba in /usr/local/samba/lib/"
/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D
/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start Apache 2 webserver
echo "Starting apache webserver - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start Proftpd ftp server ftp deamon
echo "Starting apache webserver - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/sbin/proftpd
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Start rsync server deamon
echo "Starting rsync server deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/usr/local/bin/rsync --daemon
echo "Started rsync server deamon - startup in /etc/rc.d/rc.local"
/bin/cp /etc/rc.d/rc.ccp14live /etc/rc.d/rc.local
echo "Done - copied /etc/rc.d rc.ccp14dead to rc.local"
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
#Be paranoid about the arp cache
echo "Be paranoid about the arp cache"
arp --delete dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 dldata.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete debian.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 debian.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 debian.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete ftp.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 ftp.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 ftp.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete redhat.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 redhat.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 redhat.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 freebsd.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 freebsd.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 cerebus.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 cerebus.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 ccp14dev.ccp14.ac.uk
arp --delete ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
ping -vc1 -w 2 ccp14dev.ccp14.cryst.bbk.ac.uk
echo "Finished being paranoid about the arp cache"
|
man ifconfig - for enabled and disabling Virtual IP addresses
[root@mill rc.d]# ifconfig --help Usage: ifconfig [-a] [-i] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>] [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]] [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]] [[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]] [netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>] [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>] [hw <HW> <address>] [metric <NN>] [mtu <NN>] [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti] [multicast] [[-]promisc] [mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>] [txqueuelen <NN>] [[-]dynamic] [up|down] ...
IFCONFIG(8) Linux Programmer's Manual IFCONFIG(8)
NAME
ifconfig - configure a network interface
SYNOPSIS
ifconfig [interface]
ifconfig interface [aftype] options | address ...
DESCRIPTION
Ifconfig is used to configure the kernel-resident network
interfaces. It is used at boot time to set up interfaces
as necessary. After that, it is usually only needed when
debugging or when system tuning is needed.
If no arguments are given, ifconfig displays the status of
the currently active interfaces. If a single interface
argument is given, it displays the status of the given
interface only; if a single -a argument is given, it dis-
plays the status of all interfaces, even those that are
down. Otherwise, it configures an interface.
Address Families
If the first argument after the interface name is recog-
nized as the name of a supported address family, that
address family is used for decoding and displaying all
protocol addresses. Currently supported address families
include inet (TCP/IP, default), inet6 (IPv6), ax25 (AMPR
Packet Radio), ddp (Appletalk Phase 2), ipx (Novell IPX)
and netrom (AMPR Packet radio).
interface
The name of the interface. This is usually a
driver name followed by a unit number, for example
eth0 for the first Ethernet interface.
up This flag causes the interface to be activated. It
is implicitly specified if an address is assigned
to the interface.
down This flag causes the driver for this interface to
be shut down.
[-]arp Enable or disable the use of the ARP protocol on
this interface.
[-]promisc
Enable or disable the promiscuous mode of the
interface. If selected, all packets on the network
will be received by the interface.
[-]allmulti
Enable or disable all-multicast mode. If selected,
all multicast packets on the network will be
received by the interface.
metric N
This parameter sets the interface metric.
mtu N This parameter sets the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU)
of an interface.
dstaddr addr
Set the remote IP address for a point-to-point link
(such as PPP). This keyword is now obsolete; use
the pointopoint keyword instead.
netmask addr
Set the IP network mask for this interface. This
value defaults to the usual class A, B or C network
mask (as derived from the interface IP address),
but it can be set to any value.
add addr/prefixlen
Add an IPv6 address to an interface.
del addr/prefixlen
Remove an IPv6 address from an interface.
tunnel aa.bb.cc.dd
Create a new SIT (IPv6-in-IPv4) device, tunnelling
to the given destination.
irq addr
Set the interrupt line used by this device. Not
all devices can dynamically change their IRQ set-
ting.
io_addr addr
Set the start address in I/O space for this device.
mem_start addr
Set the start address for shared memory used by
this device. Only a few devices need this.
media type
Set the physical port or medium type to be used by
the device. Not all devices can change this set-
ting, and those that can vary in what values they
support. Typical values for type are 10base2 (thin
Ethernet), 10baseT (twisted-pair 10Mbps Ethernet),
AUI (external transceiver) and so on. The special
medium type of auto can be used to tell the driver
to auto-sense the media. Again, not all drivers
can do this.
[-]broadcast [addr]
If the address argument is given, set the protocol
broadcast address for this interface. Otherwise,
set (or clear) the IFF_BROADCAST flag for the
interface.
[-]pointopoint [addr]
This keyword enables the point-to-point mode of an
interface, meaning that it is a direct link between
two machines with nobody else listening on it.
If the address argument is also given, set the pro-
tocol address of the other side of the link, just
like the obsolete dstaddr keyword does. Otherwise,
set or clear the IFF_POINTOPOINT flag for the
interface.
hw class address
Set the hardware address of this interface, if the
device driver supports this operation. The keyword
must be followed by the name of the hardware class
and the printable ASCII equivalent of the hardware
address. Hardware classes currently supported
include ether (Ethernet), ax25 (AMPR AX.25), ARCnet
and netrom (AMPR NET/ROM).
multicast
Set the multicast flag on the interface. This
should not normally be needed as the drivers set
the flag correctly themselves.
address
The IP address to be assigned to this interface.
txqueuelen length
Set the length of the transmit queue of the device.
It is useful to set this to small values for slower
devices with a high latency (modem links, ISDN) to
prevent fast bulk transfers from disturbing inter-
active traffic like telnet too much.
NOTES
Since kernel release 2.2 there are no explicit interface
statistics for alias interfaces anymore. The statistics
printed for the original address are shared with all alias
addresses on the same device. If you want per-address
statistics you should add explicit accounting rules for
the address using the ipchains(8) command.
NOTES
Since kernel release 2.2 there are no explicit interface
statistics for alias interfaces anymore. The statistics
printed for the original address are shared with all alias
addresses on the same device. If you want per-address
statistics you should add explicit accounting rules for
the address using the ipchains(8) command.
Interrupt problems with Ethernet device drivers fail with
EAGAIN. See http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/misc/irq-
conflict.html for more information.
FILES
/proc/net/socket
/proc/net/dev
/proc/net/if_inet6
BUGS
While appletalk DDP and IPX addresses will be displayed
they cannot be altered by this command.
SEE ALSO
route(8), netstat(8), arp(8), rarp(8), ipchains(8)
AUTHORS
Fred N. van Kempen, [[email protected]]
Alan Cox, [[email protected]]
Phil Blundell, [[email protected]]
Andi Kleen
net-tools 14 August 2000 IFCONFIG(8)
|
man route - for enabled and disabling Virtual IP addresses
[root@mill rc.d]# route --help
Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [<AF>] List kernel routing tables
route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ... Modify routing table for AF.
route {-h|--help} [<AF>] Detailed usage syntax for specified
AF.
route {-V|--version} Display version/author and exit.
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric don't resolve names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
<AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
List of possible address families (which support routing):
inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
x25 (CCITT X.25)
ROUTE(8) Linux Programmer's Manual ROUTE(8)
NAME
route - show / manipulate the IP routing table
SYNOPSIS
route [-CFvnee]
route [-v] [-A family] add [-net|-host] target [netmask
Nm] [gw Gw] [metric N] [mss M] [window W] [irtt I]
[reject] [mod] [dyn] [reinstate] [[dev] If]
route [-v] [-A family] del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw]
[netmask Nm] [metric N] [[dev] If]
route [-V] [--version] [-h] [--help]
DESCRIPTION
Route manipulates the kernel's IP routing tables. Its
primary use is to set up static routes to specific hosts
or networks via an interface after it has been configured
with the ifconfig(8) program.
When the add or del options are used, route modifies the
routing tables. Without these options, route displays the
current contents of the routing tables.
OPTIONS
-A family
use the specified address family (eg `inet'; use
`route --help' for a full list).
-F operate on the kernel's FIB (Forwarding Information
Base) routing table. This is the default.
-C operate on the kernel's routing cache.
-v select verbose operation.
-n show numerical addresses instead of trying to
determine symbolic host names. This is useful if
you are trying to determine why the route to your
nameserver has vanished.
-e use netstat(8)-format for displaying the routing
table. -ee will generate a very long line with all
parameters from the routing table.
del delete a route.
add add a new route.
target the destination network or host. You can provide IP
addresses in dotted decimal or host/network names.
-net the target is a network.
-host the target is a host.
netmask NM
when adding a network route, the netmask to be
used.
gw GW route packets via a gateway. NOTE: The specified
gateway must be reachable first. This usually means
that you have to set up a static route to the gate-
way beforehand. If you specify the address of one
of your local interfaces, it will be used to decide
about the interface to which the packets should be
routed to. This is a BSDism compatibility hack.
metric M
set the metric field in the routing table (used by
routing daemons) to M.
mss M set the TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS) for connec-
tions over this route to M bytes. The default is
the device MTU minus headers, or a lower MTU when
path mtu discovery occured. This setting can be
used to force smaller TCP packets on the other end
when path mtu discovery does not work (usually
because of misconfigured firewalls that block ICMP
Fragmentation Needed)
window W
set the TCP window size for connections over this
route to W bytes. This is typically only used on
AX.25 networks and with drivers unable to handle
back to back frames.
irtt I set the initial round trip time (irtt) for TCP con-
nections over this route to I milliseconds
(1-12000). This is typically only used on AX.25
networks. If omitted the RFC 1122 default of 300ms
is used.
reject install a blocking route, which will force a route
lookup to fail. This is for example used to mask
out networks before using the default route. This
is NOT for firewalling.
mod, dyn, reinstate
install a dynamic or modified route. These flags
are for diagnostic purposes, and are generally only
set by routing daemons.
dev If force the route to be associated with the specified
device, as the kernel will otherwise try to deter-
mine the device on its own (by checking already
existing routes and device specifications, and
where the route is added to). In most normal net-
works you won't need this.
If dev If is the last option on the command line,
the word dev may be omitted, as it's the default.
Otherwise the order of the route modifiers (metric
- netmask - gw - dev) doesn't matter.
EXAMPLES
route add -net 127.0.0.0
adds the normal loopback entry, using netmask
255.0.0.0 (class A net, determined from the desti-
nation address) and associated with the "lo" device
(assuming this device was prviously set up cor-
rectly with ifconfig(8)).
route add -net 192.56.76.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
adds a route to the network 192.56.76.x via "eth0".
The Class C netmask modifier is not really neces-
sary here because 192.* is a Class C IP address.
The word "dev" can be omitted here.
route add default gw mango-gw
adds a default route (which will be used if no
other route matches). All packets using this route
will be gatewayed through "mango-gw". The device
which will actually be used for that route depends
on how we can reach "mango-gw" - the static route
to "mango-gw" will have to be set up before.
route add ipx4 sl0
Adds the route to the "ipx4" host via the SLIP
interface (assuming that "ipx4" is the SLIP host).
route add -net 192.57.66.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw ipx4
This command adds the net "192.57.66.x" to be gate-
wayed through the former route to the SLIP inter-
face.
route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev eth0
This is an obscure one documented so people know
how to do it. This sets all of the class D (multi-
cast) IP routes to go via "eth0". This is the cor-
rect normal configuration line with a multicasting
kernel.
route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 reject
This installs a rejecting route for the private
network "10.x.x.x."
OUTPUT
The output of the kernel routing table is organized in the
following columns
Destination
The destination network or destination host.
Gateway
The gateway address or '*' if none set.
Genmask
The netmask for the destination net;
'255.255.255.255' for a host destination and
'0.0.0.0' for the default route.
Flags Possible flags include
U (route is up)
H (target is a host)
G (use gateway)
R (reinstate route for dynamic routing)
D (dynamically installed by daemon or redirect)
M (modified from routing daemon or redirect)
A (installed by addrconf)
C (cache entry)
! (reject route)
Metric The 'distance' to the target (usually counted in
hops). It is not used by recent kernels, but may be
needed by routing daemons.
Ref Number of references to this route. (Not used in
the Linux kernel.)
Use Count of lookups for the route. Depending on the
use of -F and -C this will be either route cache
misses (-F) or hits (-C).
Iface Interface to which packets for this route will be
sent.
MSS Default maximum segement size for TCP connections
over this route.
Window Default window size for TCP connections over this
route.
irtt Initial RTT (Round Trip Time). The kernel uses this
to guess about the best TCP protocol parameters
without waiting on (possibly slow) answers.
HH (cached only)
The number of ARP entries and cached routes that
refer to the hardware header cache for the cached
route. This will be -1 if a hardware address is not
needed for the interface of the cached route (e.g.
lo).
HH (cached only)
The number of ARP entries and cached routes that
refer to the hardware header cache for the cached
route. This will be -1 if a hardware address is not
needed for the interface of the cached route (e.g.
lo).
Arp (cached only)
Whether or not the hardware address for the cached
route is up to date.
FILES
/proc/net/ipv6_route
/proc/net/route
/proc/net/rt_cache
SEE ALSO
ifconfig(8), netstat(8), arp(8), rarp(8)
HISTORY
Route for Linux was originally written by Fred N. van
Kempen, [[email protected]] and then modified by
Johannes Stille and Linus Torvalds for pl15. Alan Cox
added the mss and window options for Linux 1.1.22. irtt
support and merged with netstat from Bernd Eckenfels.
AUTHOR
Currently maintained by Phil Blundell [Philip.Blun-
[email protected]].
net-tools 2 January 2000 ROUTE(8)
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